After expressing disbelief that anyone saw him as presidential material, he pursued the nomination in earnest, tapping Kansas national committeeman John D. M. Hamilton as his campaign manager. Alf Landon has been largely forgotten by history, but conservatives today ought to refresh their memories. Social Security stood out from other New Deal initiatives in that it wasnt designed as a short-term program. Some of the experiences from the New Deal tell us that when you dont go all the way you basically impose costs that eventually youre going to have to deal with. He was elected Republican state chairman in 1928 and that same year managed Clyde Reed's successful gubernatorial campaign. Once the New Deal had burst the dam between 1933 and 1938, ample precedent had been set for virtually any government program that could gain sufficient political support in Congress. "I think that as civilization becomes more complex, government power must increase." Source: Alfred M. Landon, I Will Not Promise the Moon, Vital Speeches of the Day (October 15, 1936), 2627. MH: These conservatives on the Court really were an issue for FDR. Kansas Governor Alfred M. Landon (1887-1987) was the Republican nominee opposing Franklin D. Roosevelt in the U.S. presidential election of 1936. Who was the Alf Landon? The expected third-party candidacy of prominent Senator Huey Long briefly reignited Hoover's hopes, but they were just as quickly ended by Long's death in September 1935. The labor provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act and later the National Labor Relations Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act purchased support from the burgeoning ranks of the labor unions. Powerful influences strive today to restore that kind of government with its doctrine that that Government is best which is most indifferent. McCoy, Donald R., Landon of Kansas, University of Nebraska Press, 1966. Draft efforts did focus on former Vice-President Charles G. Dawes and Senate Minority Leader Charles L. McNary, two of the few prominent Republicans not to have been associated with Hoover's administration, but both men quickly disclaimed any interest in running. This was the last Democratic landslide in the West, as Democrats won every state except Kansas (Landon's home state) by more than 10%. "Mass dynamics of US presidential competitions, 19281936. Landon played a key role in nominating Wendell Willkie for president at the 1940 Republican National Convention. Buried in the Democratic landslide of 1936, he managed to carry only However, the critiques leveled at Social Security helped push FDR to expand the program. The irony is that even if Roosevelt did help to lift the spirits of the American people in the depths of the depressionan uplift for which no compelling documentation existsthis achievement only led the public to labor under an illusion. Bryson, Maurice C. 'The Literary Digest Poll: Making of a Statistical Myth', highest percentage of the electoral vote won, predicted that Roosevelt would win the election, unsuccessful re-election campaign in 1912, National Archives and Records Administration, 1936 United States House of Representatives elections, Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections", "Borah and Nye want to form new national party. ", Surviving most of his political peers, Landon lived to see his daughter Nancy Landon Kassebaum elected to the U.S. senate in 1978. He kept his distance from conservatives like ex-President Herbert Hoover and avoided a wholesale denunciation of the New Deal. West of the Great Plains States, Roosevelt only lost eight counties. JK: FDR tried to pack the Supreme Court in order to push through his legislation. Republican national leaders saw Landon as a promising candidate to oppose Franklin D. Roosevelt's re-election bid in 1936. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved July 31, 2005. Accepting the nomination in person (as he had done in 1932), Roosevelt proclaimed that this generation of Americans has a rendezvous with destiny. In facing the Great Depression, the president focused on the challenge before him in warlike terms: In this world of ours in other lands, there are some people, who, in times past, have lived and fought for freedom, and seem to have grown too weary to carry on the fight. The measures, passed in his first hundred days in office, had produced a limited degree of recovery by the fall of 1934, and in that years midterm elections the Democrats built on their already substantial majorities. The Republican party rejects any feature of any plan that hinders re-employment
Shover, John L. "The emergence of a two-party system in Republican Philadelphia, 1924-1936. The rights and liberties of American citizens have been violated., United States presidential election of 1936, A History of U.S. Presidential Elections in Maps. The list went on and on. [12] This is evidenced by Long's writing of a speculative book, My First Days in the White House, which laid out his plans for the presidency after the 1936 election. Frank Knox Publisher. Obviously if you look at the Tea Party as sort of being a regional phenomenon from the lower Midwest, and the Southeast, the opposition to the social insurance and to the social programs comes from the same region. Alfred Mossman Landon was an American politician who served as the 26th Governor of Kansas, a position he held from 1933 to 1937. But the courts were one place where opponents thought they could steamroll Obamacare. Alf Landon Sep 9, 1887 - Oct 12, 1987. Roosevelt defeated Governor Alf Landon of Kansas with 523 electoral votes to 8 and almost 28 million popular votes to Landon's less than 17 million. In a 1936 book called The Menace of Roosevelt and His Policies, Howard E. Kershner came closer to the truth when he wrote that Roosevelt, took charge of our government when it was comparatively simple, and for the most part confined to the essential functions of government, and transformed it into a highly complex, bungling agency for throttling business and bedeviling the private lives of free people. There is every probability that the cash they pay in will be used for current deficits and new extravagances. In the two months after his nomination, he made no campaign appearances. These powers were granted with the understanding that they were only temporary. Instead, he had been plotting with Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest and populist talk radio personality, to run someone else on the soon-to-be-formed "Share Our Wealth" Party ticket. Democrat Harry H. Woodring won the job two years later, prompting Landon to seek the Republican nomination to oppose him in 1932. . Landon, Alfred M. The Republicans were in disarray politically from their devastating loss in 1932. Click . In addition, critics expressed doubt that Social Security, limited as it was, would even work as it was supposed to. Alf Landon, got 16 million votes. . Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Ruminating on how to deal with the depression, they seized on an analogy: the war was a national emergency, and we dealt with it by creating government agencies to control and mobilize the private economy; the depression is a national emergency, and therefore we can deal with it by creating similar agencies. During the 1936 presidential election, FDRs Republican opponent Alf Landon questioned whether the U.S. government would actually dole out Social Security stipends when the time came, or keep the money for itself. Date Created: April 2010. [9], An indifferent student and later a wealthy, handsome, and popular young man about town, FDR had distinguished himself mainly by his amiable and charming personality. Since 1936, only Richard Nixon in 1972 (winning all but 19 counties)[citation needed] and Ronald Reagan in 1980 (winning all but twenty counties) have even approached such a disproportionate ratio. As one Kansas delegate put it, "God has His hand on Alf Landon's shoulder.". Overall, Roosevelt received 93% of the primary vote, compared to 2.5% for Breckinridge.[3]. [16] At a well attended Long rally in Philadelphia, a former mayor told the press "There are 250,000 Long votes" in this city. Though he declined to officially contest any of the 1936 presidential primaries, Landon had his name entered in the Massachusetts and New Jersey contests, both of which he won. The father decides that the best investment is his own I O U. There were those on the Left who argued that New Deal policy was not going far enough to reform society. That would bring the country to such a state by 1940 that Long thinks he would be made dictator. For the results of the previous election, see United States presidential election of 1932. Which strengthened conservative opposition to the New Deal in 1937? What do they find? Franklin Roosevelt reinstated several government programs. The Republican Party saw its total in the United States House of Representatives reduced to 88 seats and in the United States Senate to 16 seats in their respective elections and only won four governorships in the 1936 elections. Contact the webmaster, http://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/alfred-landon-s-acceptance-speech/14501, Kaw Mission and Last Chance Store Museums. A member of the Republican Party, he was the party's nominee in the 1936 presidential election, and was defeated in a landslide by incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt . But what does it avail a lost and thirsty man if his leader only wanders about in the desert? 2023 . Although Roosevelt and the New Dealers failed to end the depression, they succeeded in revolutionizing the institutions of American political and economic life and changing the countrys dominant ideology. His father was an oil prospector and promoter whose work led the Landon family to move, first to Marietta, Ohio, and then, in 1904, to Independence, Kansas. Presidents after FDR expanded Social Security in significant ways. In that 2011 book, the Los Angeles Times columnist reexamined FDRs hallmark legislation and how the country was steeredand sometimes stumbledthrough the Great Depression. In 1936 they rallied at their national convention, held in Cleveland June 9-12, in favour of Landon, considered a moderate progressive, who won 984 of the 1,003 delegate votes. But after the powers had been obtained, and after the emergency was clearly over, we were told that another emergency would be created if the power was given up. In all he served 12 years as president, and died early in his fourth term in 1945. The radio priest began expressing reactionary views that were increasingly anti-New Deal and containing anti-Semitic (and anticommunist) rhetoric. He was not a man to deal in fundamentals. Why did Alf Landon and conservative leaders oppose the New Deal? The general election was not competitive, as Roosevelt had the firm support of farmers, labourers, and the poor. Thus, options B, C, D, and E are correct. All Rights Reserved. In the face of the interventionist onslaught, the American economy between 1930 and 1940 failed to add anything to its capital stock: net private investment for that eleven-year period totaled minus $3.1 billion. Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 17891996". And I don't think the Republican party is really wide awake to that. Franklin Roosevelt's most notable speech in the 1936 campaign was an address he gave in Madison Square Garden in New York City on 31 October. $9.99 + $4.94 shipping. "Alfred Mossman Landon These are a few reasons why I called this law unjust and stupidly drafted. This isn't an average, but just the single highest% achieved by any candidate in each state. "[18] While addressing reporters in late summer of 1935, Long proclaimed: "I'll tell you here and now that Franklin Roosevelt will not be the next President of the United States. The 1936 United States presidential election was the 38th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1936. Rather, he was an exceptionally resourceful political opportunist who harnessed the extraordinary potential for personal and party aggrandizement inherent in a uniquely troubled and turbulent period of American history. Its another parallel thats spooky, says Michael Hiltzik, the Pulitzer Prizewinning author of The New Deal: A Modern History. Alfred Mossman Landon (September 9, 1887 - October 12, 1987) was an American oilman and politician who served as the 26th governor of Kansas from 1933 to 1937. The election took place as the Great Depression entered its eighth year. In buying votes, the relief programs for the unemployed, especially the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and the Works Progress Administration, loomed largest, though many other programs promoted the same end. Commentators in the press noted the dissonance between Landon's moderation and the bitter rhetoric of his backers. Picture Information. (2001). In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed amendments that established the Medicare and Medicaid health insurance programs. The requisites of successfully prosecuting a war had virtually nothing in common with the requisites of getting the economy out of a depression. Elections, 4th ed. 3 Wendell Willkie Presidential Campaign Pinback Buttons Square Deal-1940. In 1932, amid the Great Depression, Roosevelt had won a landslide victory over incumbent Herbert Hoover, ending 12 years of Republican rule. Roosevelt entered the 1936 presidential election on a wave of popularity, and he beat Republican opponent Alf Landon by a nearly unanimous Electoral College vote of 523 . You elect Landon in 1936, and then FDR in 1940. It got a lot of criticism from conservatives in Congress that it was just wasting money. But he didnt have the intransigence that you see today. The party emerged from the convention with an almost divine sense of mission. Opposition to the New Deal Although many people supported Roosevelt's programmes of reform and recovery after the Great Depression, there was also opposition to the New Deal. Landon's support represented 37% of the total number of voters. It is no exaggeration to say that he took the government when it was a small racket and made a large racket out of it.[1]. Republican presidential candidate Alfred M. Landon holds the dubious distinction of being one of the great losers in American political history. Never before in all our history have these forces been so united against one candidate as they stand today. Alf Landon has been largely forgotten by history, but conservatives today ought to refresh their memories. Howard Baker Former White House Chief of Staff. Even FDR paid lip service to balancing the budget, but he never did. One of the most significant and lasting parts of the New Dealthe Social Security Actestablished a contributory pension system for retired workers. Day from Ohio won their respective primaries, the seventy-year-old Borah, a well-known progressive and "insurgent," won the Wisconsin, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Oregon primaries, while also performing quite strongly in Knox's Illinois and Green's South Dakota. Interested in world affairs, he supported the United States against Nazi Germany and, after World War II, endorsed President Harry S Truman's Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe. It began: America is in peril. To a free people these actions are insufferable. Of the 3,095 counties, parishes and independent cities making returns, Roosevelt won in 2,634 (85 percent) while Landon carried 461 (15 percent); this was one of the few measures by which Landon's campaign was more successful than Hoover's had been four years prior, with Landon winning 87 more counties than Hoover did, albeit mostly in less populous parts of the country. But for all his undeniable political prowess, he prolonged the depression and fastened on the country a bloated, intrusive government that has been trampling on the peoples liberties ever since. How did FDR relate to the American people and sell the New Deal? Popular leaders, promising more than Roosevelt, threatened to pull sufficient votes from him in the 1936 election to bring Republican victory. His correct predictions made public opinion polling a critical element of elections for journalists, and indeed for politicians. Henry Skillman Breckinridge, an anti-New Deal lawyer from New York, filed to run against Roosevelt in four primaries. The welfare of American men and women and the future of our youth are at stake. Alf Landon, the Republican candidate for President in 1936, offered strong opposition to Social Security based on its burden on employers and employees as well as the possibility that the money coming into the Treasury would not be put away for later liabilities. I believe in my heart that only our success can stir their ancient hope. ", Spencer, Thomas T. "'Labor is with Roosevelt:' The Pennsylvania Labor Non-Partisan League and the Election of 1936.". Before his assassination, there was a challenge from Louisiana Senator Huey Long. For instance, under the new law many workers now 50 years old must pay burdensome taxes for the next fifteen years in order to receive a pension when they are 65; whereas those of the same age who come under some State laws- pay no taxes and yet actually get a larger pension when they reach the age of 65. For nearly four years you have had an Administration which instead of twirling its thumbs has rolled up its sleeves. After Long's assassination, however, the two senators lost interest in the idea, while Olson was diagnosed with terminal stomach cancer. Put it all together and you have what political scientists call the New Deal Coalitiona potent political force that remained intact until the 1970s. John D. M. Hamilton and Frank Knox, among others, lambasted Roosevelt as a revolutionary out to destroy the U.S. Constitution. I think anytime you have a president come into power who is not very well-known when hes elected, and Roosevelt was exactly the same, he was the governor of New York, but to the rest of the country he was sort of a cipher and people made of him what they wanted to make of him. According to Williams, the idea was that this candidate would split the left-wing vote with President Roosevelt, thereby electing a Republican president and proving the electoral appeal of Share Our Wealth. Roosevelt went on to win the greatest electoral landslide since the rise of hegemonic control between the Democratic and Republican parties in the 1850s. The results of the 1936 U.S. presidential election are provided in the table. Mark Hanna (1837-1904) They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. In Baltimore, he declared that "business as we know it is to disappear" if Roosevelt won re-election. But they contributed mightily to FDRs swing away from accommodating business interests and toward assaulting investors as a class, whom he dubbed economic royalists and blamed for the depression and other social evils. Changing the G.O.P. Alfred M. Landon was born on September 9th, 1887, the son of John and Anne Landon. Michael Hiltzik: The New Deal was really dozens of individual programs, and some of them were well thought-out, and some of them were not very well thought-out, and not many of them worked perfectly out of the box. Most of the attacks on FDR and Social Security were developed by Republican campaigners rather than Landon himself. Alfred M. Landon. He hoped to have the public support of Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest and populist talk radio personality from Royal Oak, Michigan; Iowa agrarian radical Milo Reno; and other dissidents like Francis Townsend and the remnants of the End Poverty in California movement. In 1934, FDR created the Committee on Economic Security to consider what unemployment or old-age programs the United States could adopt. That same year, America's entry into World War I prompted Landon to enlist in the Army, where he received a commission in the chemical warfare corps. Such statements put him at odds with his party's conservatives, as did his support for the League of Nations and the World Court that were set up to deal with international issues following World War I. Roosevelt went ahead with the court-packing scheme, and that was probably the greatest single blunder of his administration. [15] Diplomat Edward M. House warned Roosevelt "many people believe that he can do to your administration what Theodore Roosevelt did to the Taft administration in '12."[11]. Call (800) 877-4755. Do not forget this: such an excessive tax on payrolls is beyond question a tax on employment. 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